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Hepatitis A virus infection all these information are from https://www.bashhguidelines.org/current-guidelines/viral-hepatitis/download-the-full-guideline/?show=1297   2.1 Aetiology   Hepatitis A is a picorna (RNA) virus. It is particularly common in areas of the world where sanitation is poor (developing countries), where it mainly affects children. In the developed world it is less common (352 cases reported in England and Wales, 2009) and causes disease in all age groups [1].   2.2 Transmission:   •         Faeco-oral (via food, water, close personal contact) [2-7]. •         Outbreaks have previously been reported in MSM, linked to oro-anal or digital-rectal contact, multiple sexual partners, anonymous partners, sex in public places and group sex [8-14]. Seroprevalence studies in the UK, Spain, USA and Italy show a similar rate of hepatitis A (IgG) antibodies in homosexual ...

Human Papilloma Virus HPV vaccination readers instruction: 1. all the information are from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/147832/Green-Book-updated-140313.pdf 2. important points are highlighted, just go through these. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double stranded DNA virus , that infects squamous epithelia including the skin and mucosae of the upper respiratory and anogenital tracts. There are approximately 100 types of HPV, of which about 40 infect the genital tract (McCance, 2004). Although most infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, genital infection by HPV is associated with genital warts and anogenital cancers in both men and women. HPV viruses are classified as either ‘high-risk’ or ‘low-risk’ types depending on their association with the development of cancer. Genital HPVs are transmitted by sexual contact with an infected individual, primarily through sexual intercourse. The risk therefore,...